Articles
Introduction to Audio Measurement
Understanding Decibels (dB)
Basic explanation of the use of dB, with definitions of dBu, dBFS, dBm, dBSPL and an explanation of why Lindos favours dB AL.
Distortion Measurement
This articles introduces the concept of non-linear distortion in audio and the pros and cons of the various methods for its measurement.
Loudspeaker measurement
Loudspeakers can be tested anechoically, in a room and even out of doors. These various methods are discussed in detail here.
Wow and Flutter Measurement
Wow and flutter are caused by speed variations on tape (or vinyl records). They are insignificant in digital audio.
Noise Measurement
This article introduces the concepts of noise measurements, the need for weighting, and the commonly used A-weighting and ITU-R 468 weighting.
Crosstalk Measurement
Crosstalk (or leakage) can be between stereo channels or between mixer channels. A weighting curve devised by the IBA to quantify its audibility is presented here.
Environmental Noise Measurement
Environmental noise comes from traffic, aircraft, and pubs and clubs. Here some of the regulations and standards are outlined and discussed.
Lindos Measurements
Alignment Level
The ‘Alignment level’ in an audio signal chain or on an audio recording is an anchor point that represents a reasonable or typical level…
Omni-Directional Microphones
Digital Audio
Audio Facts and Fallacies
Programme Levels & Headroom
Analysing Programme Levels
A look at the typical dynamic range capacity of each stage of a recording/broadcast chain brings some big surprises!
Measurements in Detail
A-weighting in Detail
The derivation of the A-weighting curve, and its limitations, with a detailed history of ‘equal loudness contours’.